Prostitution in Medieval Europe - 2405 Words

The Christian church in medieval Rome held a lot of social and religious authority but along with authority came issues of society that they were forced to deal with. Sexuality was a matter of the churches concern that was more often related to the word Evil. I am going to attempt to prove that the evils involved in sexuality such as prostitution, and homosexuality were necessary for the church to maintain a growing authority over society. The chronological limits I am focusing on will fall between 300AD Ââ€" 1200AD, with some references to dates both prior and thereafter these dates. I will explore the views on women held by Christians, related to traditional beliefs, gender roles, and sexual norms of behaviour. Prostitution as a†¦show more content†¦Some viewed the prostitute as so evil that she was not satisfied ruining herself with a small band of lovers, but sought to allure all men through her marvellous beauty, to drag them down with her.8 A prostitute was beneath th e laws contempt, not allowed to accuse others of crime, they were not allowed to inherit property, and if you had any descendants of such a history you could never be admitted as a knight. St. Paul was quoted Do you not know that your bodies are members of Christ? Shall I therefore take the members of Christ and make them members of a prostitute? Never! Do you not know that he who joins himself to a prostitute becomes one body with her?9 Although the church did not agree with the act of prostitution they realized that it did serve a purpose in society. There were other problems in society that prostitution helped deter, such as adultery and homosexuality. Prostitution was looked upon as having a similar purpose as sewers, as sewers drain filth out of the city, prostitution keeps lust off the streets.10 It was believed that if brothel houses existed than men would be less likely to be tempted by the wives of other men. A church father gave a blessing to a young man leaving a brothel because if other men followed his example they would be less tempted to tamper with another mans wife or revert to sodomy.11 Sodomy wasShow MoreRelatedPro Legalization of Prostitution Essay1151 Words   |  5 PagesPro Legalization of Prostitution The world’s largest trade, prostitution, has always found ways to overcome the legal attempts to suppress it. Prostitution has become one of the most common trades throughout the world. Many poor countries have turned to prostitution as an outlet from their economic difficulties. It is the easiest from of labor for those who do not have a proper education or the economic background to join the legal labor force. Many men and women haveRead MoreHuman Trafficking and Exploitation973 Words   |  4 Pagesconsequences for its victims.1 Prostitution is the exchange of sexual acts for human necessities such as money, food, shelter and often times, drugs. Prostitution is a form of sexual exploitation that can include street prostitution, massage parlors, brothels, escort services, strip clubs, phone sex, and pornography.2 Mexico is a major destination of sex trafficking and prostitution which not only affects the Mexican people but countries throughout the globe in Latin America, Europe, North America and AsiaRead More Christianity and Prostitution in the Middle Ages Essay5095 Words   |  21 PagesChristianity and Prostitution in the Middle Ages 21st century Americans live with the hopes of being a tolerant society. Modern American culture attempts to teach diversity and acceptance. However there is uncertainty about subjects associated with immoral behavior and sexuality. Many people are uncomfortable with the idea of prostitution as a legal institution. Hence, it remains illegal throughout the United States in all but a few counties in one state, Nevada. People have questionedRead MoreCrime and Punishment934 Words   |  4 Pagesthe appropriate magistrates and an assembly of the citizens. Additions were made over time, new courts were developed during the roman empire and a degree of uniformity was consequently imposed over much of Europe. From the 5th century AD and the great migration of people swept across Europe new customs and forms of law were established. Some historians argue that you can’t really talk about criminal law much before the 12th century because it was in the 12th century that Roman law specificallyRead MoreWhat Is The Strongness Of Necessity In The Lawful Marriage?748 Words   |  3 Pagesrecognized it from sex. Beate Popkin in Women, Family, and Society in Medieval Europe: Historical Essays, 1978-1991. Wrote that Early modern thinkers believed that human beings were created unequal and therefore must assume different positions in society. In declaring women to be inferior to men, they were not departing from tradition: ancient Greek philosophers, their Roman counterparts, church fathers, and medieval scholastics all proclaimed the superiority of man, over woman. They madeRead MoreEssay about Martin Luthers Impact on the Catholic Church938 Words   |  4 Pagescommonly referred to as Protestant. This is known as the Protestant Reformation. Important Social and Political Issues of the Time Social In the 1400s, Europe had been left in devastation from the aftermath of the black plague. This had left Europe in major religious, social and economic upheavals. Orphans, theft, intoxication, prostitution, brutality and misuse of powerful by important figures were very common. Education was unavailable to anyone without enough money to pay for it, creating anRead MoreProstitution And Its Effect On Public Health Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is defined as â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† It is commonly referred to in the media and among society as the â€Å"oldest profession in the book†. This is easily explained by the ancient references that are present in religious tales of the Old Testament in the bible to modern day â€Å"red light districts† across the United States. Prostitution and its legality have always stirred up a mixture of emotions across countries, cultures andRead MoreSocial and Economic Effects of the Plague on Medieval Islam Societies1237 Words   |  5 Pagesfatal disease that ravaged Asia and Europe during the mid-14th century. Although the destruction the Plague brought upon Europe in terms of deaths was enormous, the Islamic world arguably suffered more due to the fact that plague epidemics continually returned to the Islamic world up until the 19th century. The recurrence of the disease caused Muslim populations to never recover from the losses suffered and a resulting demographic shift that arguably helped Europe to surpass the Islamic worlds previousRead MoreWilliam Manchester And The Medieval Mind1254 Words   |  6 Pagesthree parts in A World Lit Only By Fire. The first part, entitled â€Å"The Medieval Mind,† is how the standards of living and the overall wellbeing of the people living in that time were and how education was virtually nonexistent. The book then shifts to the second section, entitled â€Å"The Shattering,† t his section describes the intellectual movements and activities, such as the Protestant Reformation, that ended up destroying the Medieval Mindset and replacing it with a mindset that questions everything aboutRead MoreWomen And The Middle Ages1988 Words   |  8 Pageswork, social class, rights, their appearance, and especially their sexual affairs. From the beginning of time men have controlled if not all, most of the aspects of a woman’s life. This was the same case in Europe from the 5th to 15th centuries, better known as the middle ages. In medieval times, not many women worked, although some did have jobs such as writing, nursing, baking, spinning and weaving. Many of them worked with their husbands in the fields. â€Å"They were hired to do various types of

Depression And Bipolar Support Alliance - 1375 Words

Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA) is an independent support group that provide a caring environment for people to come together to discuss their challenges and successes in living with a mood disorder, or supporting a loved one with a mood disorder. It provides a forum for mutual understanding, self-discovery, and finding a path to wellness with support from others who have been there. It is a group provides support, outreach and advocacy for people living with mood disorders across the country. It educates its member about the nature of mood disorders as treatable medical illnesses and improving access to mental health services and increasing awareness about mental health issue. The demographics of the DBSA group are a dynamic one in which comprises of people from all works of life, race, age and sex. The support group was made up 19 members in attendance on this night. Eight of the nineteen members were male and the reminder is female. The group is comprised of mostly Caucasians, 2 African Americans and an Asian lady. This is excluding the support group team leaders that are three in attendances and myself. I was in attendance about twenty minutes before the meeting commenced for an introduction with the team leader. He gave a brief introduction of the support group and ascertains my role in the meeting; which is to listen, no name or any identifying information was allowed and he will be introducing me to the members of the group. The meeting began at aboutShow MoreRelatedDepression And Bipolar Support Alliance1554 Words   |  7 Pagesthat they know. This malady is known as depression affects many people of all kinds every singly year. If the world knew how depression truly affects its victims, it would realize it’s not merely a mood or emotion one experiences, but rather a true and physical disease. According to the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance in the year 2005, about 14.8 million United States citizens over the age of eighteen were affected by the mental illness, depression (n. pag). Fortunately eighty percent ofRead MoreDepression And Bipolar Support Alliance993 Words   |  4 Pages Depression is a leading cause of death among adolescents- So why aren’t we doing more about it? â€Å"Experts estimate that 5% of all adolescents will suffer from depression. Unfortunately, only 20% of depressed adolescents are appropriately diagnosed and treated† (DBSA). A depressive disorder is a disease that affects mood, thoughts and behavior. It is also the reaction of the human to the unfavorable surroundings or environment. DBSA otherwise known as Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance statesRead MoreBipolar And Related Disorders ( Bipolar )1289 Words   |  6 Pages Bipolar and related disorders Justin Rodriguez Professor Hanselman Social Psychological Counseling Cumberland County College April 21, 2015 April 21, 2015 Abstract Bipolar Disorder (BD), also known as manic depression, is a mood disorder that is thought to affect some 5.5 million Americans, or 2.6 percent of the population (Treatment Advocacy Center). This paper explores Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymic disorder, their features, and treatments. Also discussed is the progression of BipolarRead MoreBipolar Is The Most Severe Form Of This Illness1561 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Psychology Bipolar I Disorder December 4, 2015 â€Æ' Bipolar I Disorder Background There are a wide range of mental disorders, also know also mental illnesses. The conditions of them affect mood, thinking, and behavior. The most common types include major depressions, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, just to name a few. For this paper I am going to discuss and focus on bipolar I disorder being that it is the most severe form of this illness. Bipolar Disorder is a seriousRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1125 Words   |  5 Pageshas been diagnosed with several mental disorders. The major diagnosis would be bipolar disorder. She also suffers from borderline personality disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety. The American Psychiatric Association s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder defines bipolar disorder as a recurrent mood disorder that includes periods of mania or mixed episodes of mania and depression (Murphy, 2012, p. 44-50). It was previously known as manic depressive disorderRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects On The Patient s Life1203 Words   |  5 Pageshealth disorders, one of the most common is Bipolar Disorder. 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Dividend and Share Price Relation-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Share price Movement and dividend Payments are independent of each other - Critically analyse the above statement with reference to the literature on Dividend Policy and Empirical Evidences, giving your Final View on the Issue. Answer: Introduction: Dividend payment strategy and share price of a company is directly related to each other. If the company would offer high dividend payout or low dividend payout than it directly affects the share price of a company. Mainly, both the policies which are high dividend policies and low dividend policies make the different impact over the performance and the stock price of a company. Companies take the help of various dividend policies to make a better decision about how much dividend must be paid to the investors to keep them satisfied and attract other investors to invest into the operations of the company (Zhang, 2012). Various dividend policies such as relevant theory, residual relevant theory, expectation theory etc have been analyzed. Usually making a decision about the high or low dividend is important for an organization. An organization is required to look over various factors and then make a better decision about the dividends. In this report, various dividend policies of the co mpany have been analyzed and than a better decision have been made (FIRRER 2012). Analyze the dividend polices and analytical view: Dividend policies are mainly of two types which are relevant dividend polices and irrelevant dividend policies. Relevant dividend policies depict that mainly investors look over the market and dividend offered by the company to make a decision about the investment into the company. Relevant dividend theories are bird in hand theory, expectation theory and residual dividend theory whereas irrelevant theories are MM theory. Dividend relevant theories brief that the tax and the transaction cost of the company are also applied and considered while making the decision of the investment. Inflation rate do not exist in this theory (Tucker, 2011). Bird in hand theory mainly considers that high dividend payout ratio must be adopted by the company as it attracts the investors more due to the thought process of the investors that they would be able to earn the more return from the stock of the company. Further, the residual dividend theory depict that the company must manage all the expenditure, capital expenditure before distributing the divided amount to its shareholders. This depict that the total amount of profit must be distributed to the shareholder but after paying all the capital expenditure (DEEPTEE and ROSHAN, 2009). Expectation theory states that long term interest rate depict about the short term performance of the company. Further, it has been found that all of these theories depict the company to take the use of all the net profit to attract the investors (Davies and Crawford, 2011). Further, irrelevant dividend policies have been analyzed. It depict that mainly investors do not look over the market and dividend offered by the company to make a decision about the investment into the company whereas they analyze the financial performance and stability of the company (Breuer, Rieger and Soypak, 2014). Miller and Modigliani have invested this approach. They have analyzed through this research that it is not necessary for the investors of a market to consider the dividend payout of the company (Masum, 2014). They have also approached that the dividend payout of a company could never be enough to analyze about the stability and performance of the company. This theory also briefs that the tax and the transaction cost of the company are also not applied and do not considered while making the decision about the investment (CORRERIA, 2013). This theory mainly considers that it is not required for an organization to deliver high dividend to the investor because this could not depict about the performance of the company (Travlos, Trigeorgis and Vafeas, 2015). The hypothesis of dividend theory depict that various factors are there which makes an impact over the management and organization choice about the dividends. Leverages, debt constraints, capital rules impairment, cash availability and investment opportunities in front of the company (Barman, 2008). For instance, if the company has a great investment opportunity and for that company wants to raise the fund than company could retain some amount of dividend for further use and it would impact over the dividend policies of the companies. Further, according to the study of Brealey, Myers and Marcus, (2007), it has been found that the factors are quite important for an investors as well as organization to understand. Many times, the dividend is lowered by the company to raise the profits of the company through some other ways. Investors must look over these points and make a decision accordingly (Bradford, Chen and Zhu, 2013). It would also help the company to maintain the stock price. Though, from various studies and the reports of the analyst, it has been analyzed that the investors are not well informed and do not have enough knowledge to analyze and evaluate the performance of the company (Bodie, 2013). They only analyze the current performance and the position of the company which could only be analyzed through the current market share price of the company (STEEN et al, 2012). Thus through this analysis, it has been analyzed that the companys are required to announce the dividend to set the performance and position into the current market so that the investors could get attract towards the company and make high investment into the company. Cash dividends are bit essential for the company to become more competitive and enhance the market price of the stock of the company (CORRERIA et al, 2013). Factors for low dividend payout or high dividend payout: Dividend payout is the value which evaluates the total dividend paid out by the company to its investors on the basis of the net profit of the company. Dividend payout of a company mainly depends over the policies of the company (Breuer, Rieger and Soypak, 2014). If the company follows the policy of the relevant policies than the dividend payout of the company would be higher whereas if the company would follow the policies of the irrelevant policies than the dividend payout of the company would be lower or nil. The formulas of dividend payout are as follows: =Total annual dividend of the company / diluted earnings per share (Davies and Crawford, 2011). There are various factors which affect the lower dividend payout as well as higher dividend payout of a company such as the industry norms, investment opportunity, cash position in the company, competitors position, profit position of the company, economical position etc. A company is required to make the decision about dividend payout after considering all the above given factors. Such as if the economical position is not good than must company must retain the profit and use it for further operations of the company rather than dividing it into the shareholders of the company. Low dividend payout ratio depict that the comapny would offer a lower % of the total net profit to the investors and will retain the extra amount for the further investment in the company so that the company do not require to raise the funds from the external sources. Low dividend payout ratio is not in the favour of the company according to the various analyst of the company (Barman, 2008). At the same time, high dividend payout ratio depict that the comapny would offer a higher % of the total net profit to the investors so that the company. This % would be higher than the affordability of the company. High dividend payout ratio is not in the favour of the company according to the various analyst of the company as this assist the company to face various risks in the market (Brealey, Myers and Marcus, 2007). A company must consider the high dividend payout ratio only if the market position of the company is well and good and company could enhance the profit at any time and the funds could also be raised by the company from market easily (Shao, Kwo and Guedhami, 2013). So, the management accountant must make the decision of lower dividend policies and higher dividend policies accordingly. Mainly, it is considered that higher dividend profit is the best option as investor got some money periodically in terms of dividend which makes them attract. Analysis over dividend and share price relation: Dividend payment and share price of the company is direct related to each other. Mainly, the share price of a company is affected due to the dividend price although the dividend history and other related factors also make an affect over these values. If the dividend offered by the company gets reduced than it directly affect the share price of the company. Companies take the help of various dividend policies to make a better decision about how much dividend must be paid to the investors to keep them satisfy and attract other investors to invest into the operations of the company. Basically, it becomes bit tough for the company to make these decisions. Market psychology is an outcome of various analysts report collectively that depict that basically the share price of a company depends over the total stock of the company which has been issues and fluctuations which could take place into the security market or the economical condition of the company. Naser, Nuseibeh and Rashed, (2013) have expressed that an investor always wants to earn more profits from the market and enhance the worth of the invested amount. So he or she tries to invest into that security from where they could earn more profits. Bodie, (2013) has expressed in their study that dividend psychology has also been studied and it has been analyzed that it depicts that the many companies always offer the same dividend with a good dividend payout ratio so that the expectation of the investors enhances from the market and they expect that each company would offer them that much of dividend. Thanatawee (2013) says that this creates a positive relationship among the dividend and share price of the company. As due to the dividend, the investors would be attracted more towards the company and then the demand and supply of the stock in the market would enhance and through it the share price of the company would also increase. Through it and through the market analysis, it has been found that dividend declaration affects the stock price of a company at huge level (Bradford et al, 2013). At the time of delivering the dividend, the share price of the company get fluctuate rapidly and the main reason behind enhancing and decreasing the stock price of the company is its dividend payout value. Baker and Weigand, (2015) have expressed that through the dividend and stock price of the company have positive relations with each other so the company is required to offer a good dividend to the investors to make a good position in the market and enhance the market price of the security. Analytical evidences: For analyzing the relationship of dividend and the stock price of a company. 10 companies of the market have been taken and their share price has been compared before declaring the share price and after the declaration of share price. Through this, it has been analyzed that after the declaration of the dividend, the share price of almost all the stock has been enhanced this depict that the study of the analyst is realistic in the security market. Comapny Date Share price Share price After Effect Before 30 days 30 days Anwar Ceramic tiles 13th April 0.143 0.146 Share price has been enhanced. AHLI Bank 27th March 0.105 0.11 Share price has been enhanced. Madina Investment 28th June 0.38 0.39 Share price has been enhanced. ACWA Power Barka 18th June 0.78 0.752 Share price has been reduced. Bank Dhofar 27th March 0.198 0.202 Share price has been enhanced. Majan college 29th Nov 0.42 0.46 Share price has been enhanced. Batinah power 11th June 1.125 1.125 Share price is similar. Madina Takaful 27th March 0.105 0.109 Share price has been enhanced. Buriami Hotel 18th June 0.93 0.98 Share price has been enhanced. Omannia financial securities 21st March 0.253 0.276 Share price has been enhanced. The above calculation and analysis over the above companies express that the Anwar ceramic tiles, AHLI bank, Medina Investment, Bank Dhofar, Majan college, Madina Takaful, Buriami Hotel and Omannia financial securities depict that the stock price of these securities has been enhanced after announcing the dividend. This has taken place due to the high dividend payout ratio. The dividend announcement has attracted the investors to invest into the company. Further, the stock price of the ACWA power Barka has been reduced due to lower dividend payout ratio. And the share price of Batinah Power has become same even after announcing the dividend due to the fact that the dividend offered by the company was average. Through this study, it has been found that if the normal or good dividend is offered by the company to its investors then the demand of the stock enhances into the market and it directly make an impact over the share price of the company (Hillier, Grinblatt and Titman, 2011). Conclusion: To conclude, organizations must look over the analysis and market situation as well as the nature of the investors before announcing the dividend so that the investors could get attract towards the company and company become able to get more dividend from the market. Cash dividends are bit essential for the company to become more competitive and enhance the market price of the stock of the company. Neither the higher dividend payout ratio nor the lower dividend payout ratio is in the favour of the company as both of these would raise the different issues in front of the company. Through this, it is suggested to the manager of the company to evaluate the dividend payout ratio according to the nature of the company and economical condition of the country. References: Baker, H.K. and Weigand, R., 2015. Corporate dividend policy revisited.Managerial Finance,41(2), pp.126-144. Barman, G.P., 2008. An evaluation of how dividend policies impact on the share value of selected companies. Bodie, Z., 2013.Investments. McGraw-Hill. Bradford, W., Chen, C. and Zhu, S., 2013. Cash dividend policy, corporate pyramids, and ownership structure: Evidence from China.International Review of Economics Finance,27, pp.445-464. Brealey, R., Myers, S.C. and Marcus, A.J., 2007.FundamentalsofCorporate Finance. Mc Graw Hill, New York. Breuer, W., Rieger, M.O. and Soypak, K.C., 2014. The behavioral foundations of corporate dividend policy a cross-country analysis.Journal of Banking Finance,42, pp.247-265. CORREIA, C. et al. 2013. FinancialManagement.7thEdition. Cape Town: Juta andCompany Ltd.2. Davies, T. and Crawford, I., 2011.Business accounting and finance. Pearson. DEEPTEE, P. and ROSHAN, B. 2009. Signaling Power of Dividends on firms futureProfits A Literature Review. Evergreen Energy- Interdisciplinary Journal, pp.1-9. FIRER, C. et al. 2012. FundamentalsofCorporateFinance.5thEdition.Berkshire.McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hillier, D., Grinblatt, M. and Titman, S., 2011.Financial markets and corporate strategy. McGraw Hill. Masum, A.A., 2014. Dividend policy and its impact on stock priceA study on commercial banks listed in Dhaka stock exchange. Naser, K., Nuseibeh, R. and Rashed, W., 2013. Managers' perception of dividend policy: Evidence from companies listed on Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange.Issues in Business Management and Economics,1(1), pp.001-012. Shao, L., Kwok, C.C. and Guedhami, O., 2013. DIVIDEND POLICY: BALANCING SHAREHOLDERS'AND CREDITORS'INTERESTS.Journal of Financial Research,36(1), pp.43-66. STEEN, E. et al. 2012. stakeholder conflicts and dividend policy.JournalofBankingFinance, 36 pp. 2852-2864 Thanatawee, Y., 2013. Ownership structure and dividend policy: Evidence from Thailand. Travlos, N.G., Trigeorgis, L. and Vafeas, N., 2015. Shareholder wealth effects of dividend policy changes in an emerging stock market: The case of Cyprus. Tucker, J.W., 2011. Selection bias and econometric remedies in accounting and finance research. Zhang, D., 2012. Managerial dividend-paying incentives. Erasmus University Rotterdam.